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Customs of Brahmins
Brahmins used to follow the most complex process of rituals in connection
with the major events in the person's life like veli (marriage), pregnancy, birth of a
child, death.
Garbhadhanam
It is a ritual for women to get
a blessing from god to conceive. This is the
first sacrament which followed immediately on every matrimonial union.
Pumsavanam
It is a ritual for begetting a male child. It is conducted in the third
month of pregnancy. If it is the first pregnancy, it can be in the forth month also. The
pregnant women consumes one head of barley and two beads of black grain along
with a little curd accompanied by religious chanting. Among Nayars and
Ezhavas the ceremony is known as 'Pulikuti' a customary rite of
drinking the juice of sour fruits by women during the first pregnancy.
Seemantam
This
sacrament is performed in the fourth month of pregnancy (only in the case of first pregnancy).
Seemantam is conducted for the protection of the mother at the critical period
of gestation. If the child is still born, this has to be prepared during the next pregnancy.
Fragrant oil was poured on the mother's head and a line or parting
(sumanta)
was drawn 3 times through her hair from the forehead upwards with 3 stalks of 'Kusa'
grass bound together. Three sacred words called 'Vyathiris' (Bheer, Bhavar, Svar)
and the hallowed syllable OM uttered during each operation.
Jatakarmam
It is meant for the development of the intellect of the child. When the male
child is born, the ritual connected with birth is performed immediately. A small portion
of a mixture
of honey and ghee is given to the new born infant. This rite symbolises good
fortune.
Namakaranam ( naming the child )
It is like the baptism in Christianity and is
done on the12th day after the birth of the child. It is done by the father who calls the name of the
child in its right ear. The mother also joins in certain rituals. Among the
Nayars, Ezhavas it is done on the 28th day.
Vatilpurappad (Nishkramanam)
Taking the child from the house into the open. The child is usually
taken out only in the 4th month. If it is done then, the next opportunity is on the
Chorunu day.
Chorunu (Annaprasam )
It is the day on which the first morsel of food is given to the
child. It takes place in the sixth month. This is an important ritual among all
sections of Hindus .
Vidyarambham
This
is done either when the child attains three or five years. On the tongue of the
child the letters "Hari Sri Ganapataye Namah Avignamastu "and all the
alphabets are written with a piece of gold. The child is made to write the same
letters from "Hari Sri" onwards with its ring finger on raw rice in a
bell metal vessel and the child is made to utter each word when it is written.
Either the father of the child or an eminent teacher officiates at this ritual.
There are also centres which are noted for the ceremony like 'Thuncham parambu'
in Malppuram district. On Vijayadasami day during Dussera celebrations, a
lot of children get initiated in the learning in temples dedicated to
Saraswati, the goddess of wisdom and learning.
Chooda karanam
In the third year or fifth year of the child, the hair is cut
leaving behind, a tuft of hair known as 'Kutuma'.
Karnavedham (Piercing the ears)
This is done with a particular thorn. Butter is applied to
the wound. It is applicable to both male and female children.
Upanayanam
When the child attains eight years, the wearing of the
thread, is ceremoniously done. This is only in the case of the boys. It is
taking the child to the preceptor for initiation. Along the sacred thread, the
hide of the antelope called Krishnajinam is also worn by the boy.
Praishartham (Learning of Vedas and Upanishads )
The preceptor who leads the boy to himself by conducting 'Upanayanam'
teaches him the rules of the scriptures. It is believed that he has become a
Brahmin or Dwija; which means twice born and that by undergoing the
rituals he becomes a worthy recipient of knowledge.
Death
When a Brahmin is dying, he is made to lie on darbha grass
spread on the ground in the south-north direction. The body lies
with the head towards the south. Mantras are chanted in his ear. When it is
confirmed the person is dead, the body is covered with white cloth and a line is
drawn around with sacred ash and an oil lamp is lighted. Water is sprinkled over
the body. In some cases the body is ceremoniously bathed. The forehead is marked
with sacred ash and sandal paste and the ear is adorned with the sacred 'basil
flower'. The body is then covered with a new cloth and tied up. It is taken to
the cremation ground and placed with head towards the south. The bearers of the
body wash their legs and wear the ritual ring ('pavitram' made of a
particular grass). A fresh plantain leaf is placed on the south-east of
the crematorium, water is poured on the leaf and with a brush made of leaves and
grass, this water is sprinkled at the funeral pyre by chanting mantras. This
sprinkling of water starts from the agnikon (pyre) in an anti-clock wise
direction. The mantra has to be chanted thrice while walking round thrice. The
remaining water in the leaf may also be poured on the pyre. The person who does
these rituals washes his hands, sits at the feet of the pyre facing south and
digs the earth with a knife and removes the sand with his hands. He then cuts a
piece from the firewood that is arranged on the pyre, washes his hands and cuts
a little fire wood from outside and adds it to the pyre. All the relatives then
wear the sacred grass ring. The chief man lights the pyre at its north end.
There are several chants at intervals until the body is
completely burned. On the fourth day there is a ritual called Sanchayanam.
Thursday, Friday and the birth day of the dead or chief man who does the rites
are avoided for sanchayanam. Many other communities consider the fifth day as
auspicious unless the star of the day is not inauspicious. There are a lot of
rituals for collecting the ashes and bones from the funeral place. The ritual on
the eleventh day is known as Pindam. In the morning all relatives take the
ceremonial bath as a mark of removal of pollution caused due to the death. The
old practice of observance of such pollution was ten days for Brahmins, eleven
for Kshatriyas, twelve for Vaishyas and Fifteen for Sudras. Now all Hindus
have accepted ten days as the usual practice. The mourners fast on the night
previous to the pulakuli and on the next morning bathe with a few drops of oil
on their body and perform the ceremony of Shadangam. Rice balls are offered to
the names of the deceased which are afterwards thrown into the water. They then
bathe once more and an Enangan sprinkles some water with cow dung on them. Caste
men are entertained to a feast on the night of the 15th day and the
bones of the departed are placed in a metal pot and covered with a piece of
silk. It is carried by the chief mourner who goes to the nearest place of water.
Whether tank or river, he dips himself with it in the water. The procession is
accompanied by music and drums. The 16th day feast, is celebrated
sumptuously. There is another important ritual on completion of one year after
the death of a person known as pantrandam Masam (the twelfth month).
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